BeliefsMain article:
Seventh-day Adventist theologyThe official teachings of the Seventh-day Adventist denomination are expressed in the
28 Fundamental Beliefs. This statement of beliefs was originally adopted by the
General Conference in 1980, with an additional belief (number 11) being added in 2005. Acceptance of either of the church's two
baptismal vows is a prerequisite for membership.
Adventist doctrine resembles
trinitarian Protestant theology, with
premillennial and
Arminian emphases. Adventists uphold key evangelical teachings such as the infallibility of
Scripture, the substitutionary
atonement, the
resurrection of the dead and
justification by faith alone. In common with certain other Christian churches, they believe in
baptism by immersion and
creation in six days.
In addition, there is a generally recognized set of "distinctive" doctrines which distinguish Adventism from the rest of the Christian world, although not all of these teachings are wholly unique to Adventism:
Law (fundamental belief 19) - Adventists believe that the Law of God is "embodied in the
Ten Commandments", which continue to be binding upon Christians.
Sabbath (fundamental belief 20) - Adventists believe that the Sabbath should be observed on the seventh day of the week, i.e. from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset.
Second Coming and End times (fundamental beliefs 25-28) - Adventists have a unique view of the
end times, based on the
historicist method of prophetic interpretation. They believe that
Jesus Christ will return visibly to earth after a "time of trouble." The
second coming will be followed by a millennial reign of the saints in heaven. (See:
Seventh-day Adventist eschatology)
Holistic human nature (fundamental beliefs 7, 26) - The Adventist view of
anthropology is that humans are an indivisible unity of body, mind and spirit. Consequently, they reject the concept of the immortal
soul and believe that death is an unconscious sleep (commonly known as "
soul sleep").
Conditional immortality (fundamental belief 27) - Adventists teach that the wicked will not suffer eternal torment in
hell, but instead will be permanently destroyed. (See:
Conditional immortality,
Annihilationism)
Great Controversy (fundamental belief 8) - Adventists believe that humanity is involved in a "
great controversy" between
Jesus Christ and
Satan. This is an elaboration on the common Christian theory that evil began in heaven when an angelic being (
Lucifer) rebelled against the Law of God.
Heavenly sanctuary (fundamental belief 24) - Adventists teach that Christ ascended to heaven to minister in the
heavenly sanctuary. In 1844, he began the cleansing of the heavenly sanctuary in fulfillment of the
Day of Atonement.
Investigative Judgment (fundamental belief 24) - This doctrine asserts that a judgment of professed Christians began in 1844, in which the books of record are examined for all the universe to see. The
investigative judgment will affirm who is worthy of salvation, and vindicate God as just in His dealings with mankind.
Remnant (fundamental belief 13) - Adventists teach that there will be an end-time
remnant who keep the commandments of God and have "the testimony of Jesus" (
Revelation 12:17). This remnant proclaims the "
three angels' messages" of
Revelation 14:6-12 to the world.
Spirit of Prophecy (fundamental belief 18) - The ministry of
Ellen G. White is referred to as the "
Spirit of Prophecy" (a term also applied to the
Holy Spirit) and her writings are considered "a continuing and authoritative source of truth",
[5] though ultimately subject to the Bible. (See:
Inspiration of Ellen White)
Theological spectrum
As with any religious movement, a theological spectrum exists within Adventism comparable to the
fundamentalist-moderate-liberal spectrum in the wider Christian church and in other religions. A variety of groups, movements or
subcultures within the church present differing views on beliefs and lifestyle.
The conservative end of the theological spectrum is represented by "
Historic Adventists", who are characterized by their opposition to theological trends within the denomination beginning in the 1950s. They tend to view modern Adventist theology as a compromise with evangelicalism, and seek to defend older teachings such as the fallen nature of Jesus Christ, an incomplete
atonement, and character perfectionism.
[6] Historic Adventism is represented mainly at the "grassroots" level of the church and is often promoted through
independent ministries, but has weaker support among Adventist scholarship.
The most "liberal" elements in the church are typically known as "
Progressive Adventists" (it should be noted that progressive Adventists generally do not identify with
liberal Christianity). They tend to hold a "modernized" perspective on such controverted issues as the
inspiration of Ellen White, the doctrine of the "
remnant" and the
investigative judgment.
[6][7] The progressive movement is strongest amongst the scholarship of the denomination,
[8] where it finds expression in bodies such as the
Association of Adventist Forums and in journals such as
Spectrum and
Adventist Today.
Theological organizationsThe
Biblical Research Institute is the official theological research center of the church. The church has two professional organizations for Adventist theologians who are affiliated with the denomination. The
Adventist Society for Religious Studies (ASRS) was formed to foster community among Adventist theologians who attend the
Society of Biblical Literature (SBL) and the
American Academy of Religion. In 2006 ASRS voted to continue their meetings in the future in conjunction with SBL. During the 1980s the
Adventist Theological Society was formed by Jack Blanco to provide a forum for more conservative theologians to meet and is held in conjunction with the
Evangelical Theological Society.